Day 1 (Room C, July 1) - The 5th Congress of Polish Statistics

Objective

The main objective of the paper is to present the economic activity of population 50 and over in the context of the decision to retire in Poland compared to other European Union countries. The study presents the differences in the age at which retirement begins and the share of people receiving benefits. The analysis includes the main reason for ceasing work upon retirement, as well as the main reason for continuing to work upon retirement or returning to the labour market.

Methods

In the study, multidimensional statistical and comparative analysis methods were used. Using demographic analysis methods, changes in life expectancy and age structures were also presented, as well as the consequences for potential labour force resources and the dependancy ratio. The study used Eurostat data, in particular from the 'Pension and labour market participation' module conducted in 2023 as part of the European Labour Force Survey. In addition, data from Statistics Poland and OECD were used.

Results

The results of the study indicate that despite the increase in economic activity observed in recent years, the retirement age in Poland is among the lowest in Europe. The participation of people receiving benefits in the labour market has increased – 11.6% of people aged 50-74 who receive a pension continue to work. On the other hand, over 75% of retirees aged 60-64 remain outside the labour market. This applies to 94% of women and 33% of men. After retiring at the age of 65-69, the share of men outside the labour market increases to over 97%.

Conclusions

The demographic conditions of shrinking labour resources and changes in the age structure indicate the need to develop incentives for longer economic activity.

Keywords

pension, economic activity of population 50+

Objective

The aim of the presentation is to determine the degree of willingness of people in pre-retirement age to work after obtaining pension rights. It also identifies the demographic and social characteristics that currently characterise those (un)interested in extending their working lives.

Methods

The data sources are the individual results of a questionnaire survey of the population at pre-retirement age (10 years to retirement age) conducted on a nationwide representative sample of the Polish population. Statistical analysis was conducted using selected multivariate methods.

Results

A low willingness to continue employment or start new job after retirement age was observed - it was considering by only one in five people (usually assuming working for 3-5 years, in their current position, full-time). On the other hand, half of people are of the opposite opinion, 2 / 3 declaring retirement at 60(K) / 65(M). Among the factors differentiating these opinions are work ability, place of residence (including distance to the poviat / voivodeship capital), level of education and type of job, while gender or being in the protective age are insignificant.

Conclusions

The research makes it possible to estimate the number of people who, if declarations of continued work are transformed into real behaviour, will be working beyond retirement age in 5-10 years.

Keywords

people in pre-retirement age, economic activity, retirement

Objective

Balancing professional and family roles remains significantly more difficult for women than for men, as women are more often burdened with caregiving and domestic duties. Although some progress has been made, change is slow. The COVID-19 pandemic forced many to reorganize their work and family lives. This article aims to assess the extent and durability of changes in women’s professional and domestic responsibilities in Poland, as well as public attitudes toward women’s position in the labor market.

Methods

The study utilizes data from the Labor Force Survey (BAEL, 2010–2021) describing labor supply on both extensive and intensive margins: preliminary results from the Time Use Surveys (2004, 2013, 2024): the European Social Survey (ESS, 2010, 2021, 2023) on attitudes toward gender and family roles: and the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS, 2021) on the perceived ability to balance work and private life and time burdens from family duties. The article also outlines the key findings and limitations of these datasets.

Results

Despite the observed changes, women continue to be disproportionately burdened by responsibilities associated with their family roles. Some of the changes identified during the pandemic period proved to be temporary.

Conclusions

Lasting transformations in the patterns of balancing professional and familial roles require the support of appropriate family and labor market policies.

Keywords

survey, labour supply, work-life balance

Objective

The study aimed to diagnose disparities arising in the financial situation of households headed by a person with higher education against other household classes between 2010 and 2023. The analysis approached the financial situation as a multidimensional concept, including income levels, expenditure patterns, savings rates, and the burden of fixed expenses on household budgets. The research confirmed that the growing supply of higher-educated individuals in the labor market contributed to a dynamic decline in the financial returns to education, as reflected in households’ financial situation.

Methods

The study drew on data from the Household Budget Survey conducted by Statistics Poland. The analysis classified households by educational attainment, focusing on the group with higher education. To assess disparities in the financial situation from a multidimensional perspective, the study applied methods of relative taxonomy. For each year, it calculated relative synthetic indices for the higher education group against other groups.

Results

Households with higher education consistently demonstrated better financial situation than all other classes between 2010 and 2023. Still, this advantage declined significantly over time. Across all examined dimensions of financial situation, the study observed a narrowing of disparities between the higher education class and the remaining household classes – notably in terms of disposable income, where it was most dynamic.

Conclusions

The relationship between education and wages has been extensively studied in literature. Empirical research on the education premium focuses on individuals with higher education or specific occupational groups. This study offers a novel perspective by examining how the financial returns to education of the household head extend to the entire household. Moreover, it captures a wider range of outcomes by considering various dimensions of financial situation. By applying methods of relative taxonomy, the study was able to diagnose disparities in financial situation across education classes.

Keywords

financial returns to education, household financial situation, relative taxonomy

Objective

The aim of the study is to compare factors influencing saving and saving for retirement by young adults in Poland and the Czech Republic. Based on the behavioral life cycle hypothesis, it was assumed that behavioral factors exert a significant influence on young people`s attitudes toward saving. The variation in factors relates not only to differences between the countries studied but also between generations.

Methods

The study used survey data collected in December 2021 among young adults from generations Y and Z. A binary logit model and pairwise comparisons were used as a research tool.

Results

The study looked at behavioral, financial, demographic, and educational factors affecting general and retirement savings among young adults of late Generation Z and early Generation Y in Poland and the Czech Republic T The results reveal similarities and differences in savings behavior both across age groups and between the two countries. The greatest diversity was identified in behavioral factors: in Poland, the endowment effect and hedonic consumption influence retirement savings, while in the Czech Republic, personal financial responsibility is a key factor. Common factors influencing young

Conclusions

The findings point to the need for targeted education and retirement policy solutions.

Keywords

Savings, behavioral life cycle, retirement, young adults

Objective

People with disabilities constitute 16% of the world`s population, and this number is growing due to the aging of the population and the increasing incidence of non-communicable diseases. Disability is a multi-faceted problem - economic, social and health, having a profound impact on the quality of life of individuals and their economic stability. The aim of the conducted research is to analyze the economic situation of people with health-related activity limitations for selected European countries, focusing on income, financial difficulties and poverty in the surveyed households.

Methods

The research was carried out using data from EU-SILC 2023, which allows for a comparative assessment of six countries representing Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia - the Visegrad Group) and Western Europe (Germany, France - which together with Poland form the Weimar Triangle). The theoretical Dagum distribution for equivalent income expressed in PPS was used to analyze income, and methods of analyzing the structure, income gap and poverty rate of the economic situation by disability level in the studied countries were also used.

Results

The results reveal a strong association between activity limitations and economic hardship, with severe limitations leading to greater difficulties in meeting basic needs and higher poverty rates. These patterns were most evident in Germany, France, Slovakia and Hungary. The Dagum model confirmed income disparities, with people without limitations receiving the highest incomes. Hungary and Germany had the largest income gap, while Slovakia had smaller disparities.

Conclusions

The results show that reducing economic disparities between able-bodied and disabled people requires a comprehensive approach that includes financial support, wider access to education, inclusive employment, reduced healthcare costs and appropriate anti-discrimination regulations and measures. Inclusive policies are key to reducing inequalities and improving the well-being of people with disabilities. The results of the analysis also point to the role of national policies in mitigating disparities due to disability.

Keywords

disability, economic situation, international comparisons